What Happens to a Human Brain When They See Art

What is the brain?

The encephalon is a circuitous organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, bear upon, motor skills, vision, animate, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our torso. Together, the brain and spinal string that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.

What is the brain made of?

Weighing about 3 pounds in the average adult, the brain is near lx% fat. The remaining xl% is a combination of water, protein, carbohydrates and salts. The brain itself is a non a muscle. It contains blood vessels and nerves, including neurons and glial cells.

What is the gray matter and white matter?

Grey and white matter are two dissimilar regions of the fundamental nervous system. In the encephalon, grayness matter refers to the darker, outer portion, while white matter describes the lighter, inner section underneath. In the spinal cord, this society is reversed: The white matter is on the outside, and the gray matter sits within.

Cross sections of the brain and spinal cord, showing the grey and white matter.

Gray matter is primarily composed of neuron somas (the round primal cell bodies), and white matter is mostly made of axons (the long stems that connects neurons together) wrapped in myelin (a protective coating). The dissimilar limerick of neuron parts is why the ii appear equally separate shades on certain scans.

Parts of a nerve cell: the central soma cell body with inner nucleus and outer dendrites and long axon tail, insulated by myelin pads.

Each region serves a dissimilar role. Greyness affair is primarily responsible for processing and interpreting information, while white matter transmits that data to other parts of the nervous system.

How does the encephalon work?

The brain sends and receives chemical and electric signals throughout the body. Dissimilar signals control unlike processes, and your brain interprets each. Some make yous feel tired, for case, while others make you feel pain.

Some messages are kept within the brain, while others are relayed through the spine and across the body's vast network of nerves to distant extremities. To do this, the central nervous system relies on billions of neurons (nerve cells).

Main Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

At a high level, the encephalon can be divided into the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum.

Diagram of the brain's major parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem

Cerebrum

The cerebrum (front of brain) comprises gray matter (the cerebral cortex) and white matter at its center. The largest part of the encephalon, the cerebrum initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. Other areas of the cerebrum enable speech communication, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning. Other functions chronicle to vision, hearing, touch on and other senses.

Cerebral Cortex

Cortex is Latin for "bark," and describes the outer gray matter roofing of the cerebrum. The cortex has a large surface area due to its folds, and comprises almost half of the brain's weight.

The cognitive cortex is divided into ii halves, or hemispheres. Information technology is covered with ridges (gyri) and folds (sulci). The two halves join at a big, deep sulcus (the interhemispheric fissure, AKA the medial longitudinal scissure) that runs from the front of the head to the dorsum. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left half controls the correct side of the torso. The two halves communicate with 1 another through a large, C-shaped structure of white matter and nervus pathways called the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is in the middle of the cerebrum.

Brainstem

The brainstem (middle of brain) connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

Midbrain. The midbrain (or mesencephalon) is a very complex structure with a range of different neuron clusters (nuclei and colliculi), neural pathways and other structures. These features facilitate various functions, from hearing and movement to calculating responses and environmental changes. The midbrain also contains the substantia nigra, an expanse affected past Parkinson's affliction that is rich in dopamine neurons and part of the basal ganglia, which enables movement and coordination.
Pons. The pons is the origin for four of the 12 cranial fretfulness, which enable a range of activities such as tear production, chewing, blinking, focusing vision, residual, hearing and facial expression. Named for the Latin word for "span," the pons is the connection between the midbrain and the medulla.
Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem, the medulla is where the encephalon meets the spinal cord. The medulla is essential to survival. Functions of the medulla regulate many bodily activities, including middle rhythm, breathing, blood menstruation, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The medulla produces reflexive activities such as sneezing, vomiting, cough and swallowing.

The spinal cord extends from the lesser of the medulla and through a large opening in the bottom of the skull. Supported by the vertebrae, the spinal cord carries messages to and from the encephalon and the remainder of the body.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum ("little brain") is a fist-sized portion of the encephalon located at the back of the head, below the temporal and occipital lobes and above the brainstem. Like the cerebral cortex, it has two hemispheres. The outer portion contains neurons, and the inner surface area communicates with the cerebral cortex. Its function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, residue and equilibrium. New studies are exploring the cerebellum'southward roles in idea, emotions and social behavior, as well every bit its possible interest in addiction, autism and schizophrenia.

Brain Coverings: Meninges

Iii layers of protective roofing called meninges surround the encephalon and the spinal cord.

The outermost layer, the dura mater, is thick and tough. It includes ii layers: The periosteal layer of the dura mater lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium) and the meningeal layer is beneath that. Spaces betwixt the layers allow for the passage of veins and arteries that supply blood flow to the encephalon.
The arachnoid mater is a thin, weblike layer of connective tissue that does not incorporate nerves or blood vessels. Below the arachnoid mater is the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. This fluid cushions the entire central nervous organization (encephalon and spinal cord) and continually circulates around these structures to remove impurities.
The pia mater is a thin membrane that hugs the surface of the brain and follows its contours. The pia mater is rich with veins and arteries.

Three layers of the meninges beneath the skull: the outer dura mater, arachnoid and inner pia mater

Lobes of the Brain and What They Control

Each brain hemisphere (parts of the cerebrum) has four sections, called lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Each lobe controls specific functions.

Diagram of the brain's lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

Frontal lobe. The largest lobe of the encephalon, located in the front of the head, the frontal lobe is involved in personality characteristics, decision-making and movement. Recognition of smell commonly involves parts of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe contains Broca'south area, which is associated with speech ability.
Parietal lobe. The middle office of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person identify objects and empathize spatial relationships (where one's torso is compared with objects around the person). The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and bear on in the torso. The parietal lobe houses Wernicke'south area, which helps the brain empathize spoken language.
Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the back role of the brain that is involved with vision.
Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, temporal lobes are involved in short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition.

Deeper Structures Within the Brain

Pituitary Gland

Sometimes called the "master gland," the pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure found deep in the brain behind the bridge of the olfactory organ. The pituitary gland governs the function of other glands in the body, regulating the flow of hormones from the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testicles. It receives chemical signals from the hypothalamus through its stem and blood supply.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland and sends it chemical messages that control its function. It regulates body temperature, synchronizes slumber patterns, controls hunger and thirst and also plays a role in some aspects of retentiveness and emotion.

Amygdala

Pocket-sized, almond-shaped structures, an amygdala is located nether each half (hemisphere) of the brain. Included in the limbic system, the amygdalae regulate emotion and memory and are associated with the brain's reward system, stress, and the "fight or flight" response when someone perceives a threat.

Hippocampus

A curved seahorse-shaped organ on the underside of each temporal lobe, the hippocampus is part of a larger structure called the hippocampal formation. It supports memory, learning, navigation and perception of space. It receives data from the cerebral cortex and may play a part in Alzheimer's disease.

Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is located deep in the brain and attached past a stalk to the elevation of the 3rd ventricle. The pineal gland responds to lite and dark and secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle.

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Deep in the brain are four open up areas with passageways between them. They also open into the primal spinal canal and the surface area beneath arachnoid layer of the meninges.

The ventricles industry cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, a watery fluid that circulates in and effectually the ventricles and the spinal cord, and between the meninges. CSF surrounds and cushions the spinal cord and brain, washes out waste product and impurities, and delivers nutrients.

Diagram of the brain's deeper structures

Blood Supply to the Brain

Ii sets of claret vessels supply blood and oxygen to the encephalon: the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries.

The external carotid arteries extend up the sides of your neck, and are where you tin can experience your pulse when you touch the area with your fingertips. The internal carotid arteries branch into the skull and circulate blood to the front part of the brain.

The vertebral arteries follow the spinal column into the skull, where they join together at the brainstem and form the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the rear portions of the brain.

The circle of Willis, a loop of blood vessels nigh the lesser of the encephalon that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the front end of the encephalon to the back and helps the arterial systems communicate with one another.

Diagram of the brain's major arteries

Cranial Nerves

Inside the cranium (the dome of the skull), there are 12 nerves, called cranial fretfulness:

Cranial nerve i: The get-go is the olfactory nerve, which allows for your sense of odour.
Cranial nerve two: The optic nervus governs eyesight.
Cranial nerve iii: The oculomotor nervus controls student response and other motions of the centre, and branches out from the expanse in the brainstem where the midbrain meets the pons.
Cranial nerve 4: The trochlear nerve controls muscles in the eye. It emerges from the back of the midbrain part of the brainstem.
Cranial nerve five: The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the cranial nerves, with both sensory and motor function. It originates from the pons and conveys sensation from the scalp, teeth, jaw, sinuses, parts of the mouth and face up to the brain, allows the function of chewing muscles, and much more.
Cranial nerve half dozen: The abducens nerve innervates some of the muscles in the eye.
Cranial nervus 7: The facial nerve supports face movement, taste, glandular and other functions.
Cranial nervus viii: The vestibulocochlear nerve facilitates balance and hearing.
Cranial nerve 9: The glossopharyngeal nerve allows gustation, ear and throat movement, and has many more functions.
Cranial nerve ten: The vagus nerve allows sensation effectually the ear and the digestive system and controls motor activity in the heart, throat and digestive system.
Cranial nerve xi: The accessory nerve innervates specific muscles in the head, neck and shoulder.
Cranial nerve 12: The hypoglossal nervus supplies motor activity to the tongue.

The kickoff ii fretfulness originate in the cerebrum, and the remaining x cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem, which has three parts: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

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Source: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain